Not directly, but there are some other options

There is no method to change the colors in the console at large, but a severity value can be added next to items in list views which shows the severity as a numeric value.  An example can be seen below:

Workaround

This is currently not available in the latest Active Console version. However, this customized workspace has it configured: NewDefaultWS1.awx

This mode can be viewed by clicking the Mode button and select Severity as Number. See below:

To setup the mode in the first place go to

tools --> Work space level list view settings -->  Templates

To edit the provided workspace, double click where specified in the screen shot to see the addition of the severity item there. After that, add and remove items from this or create a new template by dragging them down from the top items, or moving them outside the template box (they will turn red to say they will not be present in the mode)